1 Bg 8: Attaining the Supreme
2
3 Chapter 8
4
5 Attaining the Supreme
6
7 Bg 8.1
8
9 TEXT 1
10
11 TRANSLATION
12
13 Arjuna inquired: O my Lord, O Supreme Person, what is
> Brahman? What is the self? What are fruitive activities?
> What is this material manifestation? And what are the
> demigods? Please explain this to me.
14
15 PURPORT
16
17 In this chapter Lord Krsna answers different
> questions from Arjuna, beginning with "What is Brahman?"
> The Lord also explains karma (fruitive activities),
> devotional service and yoga principles, and devotional
> service in its pure form. The Srimad-Bhagavatam explains
> that the Supreme Absolute Truth is known as Brahman,
> Paramatma and Bhagavan. In addition, the living entity,
> the individual soul, is also called Brahman. Arjuna also
> inquires about atma, which refers to body, soul and mind.
> According to the Vedic dictionary, atma refers to the mind,
> soul, body and senses also.
18
19 Arjuna has addressed the Supreme Lord as Purusottama,
> Supreme Person, which means that he was putting these
> questions not simply to a friend but to the Supreme Person,
> knowing Him to be the supreme authority able to give
> definitive answers.
20
21 Bg 8.2
22
23 TEXT 2
24
25 TRANSLATION
26
27 Who is the Lord of sacrifice, and how
> does He live in the body, O Madhusudana? And how
> can those engaged in devotional service know You at the
> time of death?
28
29 PURPORT
30
31 "Lord of sacrifice" may refer to either Indra or
> Visnu. Visnu is the chief of the primal demigods, including
> Brahma and Siva, and Indra is the chief of the
> administrative demigods. Both Indra and Visnu are worshiped
> by yajna performances. But here Arjuna asks who is actually
> the Lord of yajna (sacrifice) and how the Lord is
> residing within the body of the living entity.
32
33 Arjuna addresses the Lord as Madhusudana because Krsna once
> killed a demon named Madhu. Actually these questions, which
> are of the nature of doubts, should not have arisen in the
> mind of Arjuna, because Arjuna is a Krsna conscious devotee.
> Therefore these doubts are like demons. Since Krsna is so
> expert in killing demons, Arjuna here addresses Him as
> Madhusudana so that Krsna might kill the demonic doubts
> that arise in Arjuna's mind.
34
35 Now the word prayana-kale in this verse is very significant
> because whatever we do in life will be tested at the time
> of death. Arjuna is very anxious to know of
> those who are constantly engaged in Krsna consciousness.
> What should be their position at that final
> moment? At the time of death all the bodily functions are
> disrupted, and the mind is not in a proper
> condition. Thus disturbed by the bodily situation, one
> may not be able to remember the Supreme Lord. Maharaja
> Kulasekhara, a great devotee, prays, "My dear Lord, just
> now I am quite healthy, and it is better that I
> die immediately so that the swan of my mind can seek
> entrance at the stem of Your lotus feet." The metaphor is
> used because the swan, a bird of the water, takes
> pleasure in digging into the lotus flowers; its sporting
> proclivity is to enter the lotus flower. Maharaja
> Kulasekhara says to the Lord, "Now my mind is
> undisturbed, and I am quite healthy. If I die immediately,
> thinking of Your lotus feet, then I am sure that my
> performance of Your devotional service will become perfect.
> But if I have to wait for my natural death,
> then I do not know what will happen, because at that time
> the bodily functions will be disrupted, my throat will be
> choked up, and I do not know whether I shall be able
> to chant Your name. Better let me die
> immediately." Arjuna questions how a person can fix
> his mind on Krsna's lotus feet at such a time.
36
37 Bg 8.3
38
39 TEXT 3
40
41 TRANSLATION
42
43 The Supreme Personality of Godhead said: The indestructible,
> transcendental living entity is called Brahman, and his
> eternal nature is called adhyatma, the self. Action
> pertaining to the development of the material bodies of
> the living entities is called karma, or fruitive activities.
44
45 PURPORT
46
47 Brahman is indestructible and eternally existing, and its
> constitution is not changed at any time. But beyond Brahman
> there is Parabrahman. Brahman refers to the living entity,
> and Parabrahman refers to the Supreme Personality of
> Godhead. The constitutional position of the living entity
> is different from the position he takes in the material
> world. In material consciousness his nature is to try to
> be the lord of matter, but in spiritual consciousness,
> Krsna consciousness, his position is to serve the Supreme.
> When the living entity is in material consciousness, he has
> to take on various bodies in the material world. That is
> called karma, or varied creation by the force of material
> consciousness.
48
49 In Vedic literature the living entity is called jivatma and
> Brahman, but he is never called Parabrahman. The living
> entity (jivatma) takes different positions-sometimes he
> merges into the dark material nature and identifies himself
> with matter, and sometimes he identifies himself with the
> superior, spiritual nature. Therefore he is called the
> Supreme Lord's marginal energy. According to his
> identification with material or spiritual nature, he
> receives a material or spiritual body. In material nature
> he may take a body from any of the 8,400,000 species of
> life, but in spiritual nature he has only one body. In
> material nature he is manifested sometimes as a
> man, demigod, animal, beast, bird, etc., according to
> his karma. To attain material heavenly planets and enjoy
> their facilities, he sometimes performs sacrifices (yajna),
> but when his merit is exhausted he returns to earth again
> in the form of a man. This process is called karma.
50
51 The Chandogya Upanisad describes the Vedic
> sacrificial process. On the sacrificial altar, five kinds
> of offerings are made into five kinds of fire. The five
> kinds of fire are conceived of as the heavenly planets,
> clouds, the earth, man and woman, and the five kinds of
> sacrificial offerings are faith, the enjoyer on the moon,
> rain, grains and semen.
52
53 In the process of sacrifice, the living entity makes
> specific sacrifices to attain specific heavenly planets and
> consequently reaches them. When the merit of sacrifice is
> exhausted, the living entity descends to earth in the
> form of rain, then takes on the form of grains, and the
> grains are eaten by man and transformed into semen, which
> impregnates a woman, and thus the living entity once again
> attains the human form to perform sacrifice and so repeat
> the same cycle. In this way, the living entity perpetually
> comes and goes on the material path. The Krsna conscious
> person, however, avoids such sacrifices. He takes directly
> to Krsna consciousness and thereby prepares himself to
> return to Godhead.
54
55 Impersonalist commentators on the Bhagavad-gita
> unreasonably assume that Brahman takes the form of jiva in
> the material world, and to substantiate this they refer to
> Chapter Fifteen, verse 7, of the Gita. But in this verse
> the Lord also speaks of the living entity as "an eternal
> fragment of Myself." The fragment of God, the living entity,
> may fall down into the material world, but the Supreme
> Lord (Acyuta) never falls down. Therefore this assumption
> that the Supreme Brahman assumes the form of jiva is not
> acceptable. It is important to remember that in Vedic
> literature Brahman (the living entity) is distinguished
> from Parabrahman (the Supreme Lord).
56
57 Bg 8.4
58
59 TEXT 4
60
61 TRANSLATION
62
63 O best of the embodied beings, the physical nature,
> which is constantly changing, is called adhibhuta [the
> material manifestation]. The universal form of the Lord,
> which includes all the demigods, like those of the sun
> and moon, is called adhidaiva. And I, the Supreme Lord,
> represented as the Supersoul in the heart of
> every embodied being, am called adhiyajna [the Lord of
> sacrifice].
64
65 PURPORT
66
67 The physical nature is constantly changing. Material bodies
> generally pass through six stages: they are born, they grow,
> they remain for some duration, they produce some by-
> products, they dwindle, and then they vanish. This physical
> nature is called adhibhuta. It is created at a
> certain point and will be annihilated at a certain point.
> The conception of the universal form of the Supreme Lord,
> which includes all the demigods and their different planets,
> is called adhidaivata. And present in the body
> along with the individual soul is the Supersoul, a
> plenary representation of Lord Krsna.
68
69 The Supersoul is called the Paramatma or adhiyajna and is
> situated in the heart. The word eva is particularly
> important in the context of this verse because by this word
> the Lord stresses that the Paramatma is not different from
> Him. The Supersoul, the Supreme Personality of Godhead,
> seated beside the individual soul, is the witness of the
> individual soul's activities and is the source of the soul'
> s various types of consciousness. The Supersoul gives the
> individual soul an opportunity to act freely and
> witnesses his activities. The functions of all these
> different manifestations of the Supreme Lord automatically
> become clarified for the pure Krsna conscious devotee
> engaged in transcendental service to the Lord. The gigantic
> universal form of the Lord called adhidaivata is
> contemplated by the neophyte who cannot approach the
> Supreme Lord in His manifestation as Supersoul. The
> neophyte is advised to contemplate the universal form, or
> virat-purusa, whose legs are considered the lower planets,
> whose eyes are considered the sun and moon, and whose
> head is considered the upper planetary system.
70
71 Bg 8.5
72
73 TEXT 5
74
75 TRANSLATION
76
77 And whoever, at the end of his life, quits his body,
> remembering Me alone, at once attains My nature. Of this
> there is no doubt.
78
79 PURPORT
80
81 In this verse the importance of Krsna consciousness is
> stressed. Anyone who quits his body in Krsna consciousness
> is at once transferred to the transcendental nature of the
> Supreme Lord. The Supreme Lord is the purest of the pure.
> Therefore anyone who is constantly Krsna conscious is also
> the purest of the pure. The word smaran ("remembering") is
> important. Remembrance of Krsna is not possible for the
> impure soul who has not practiced Krsna consciousness in
> devotional service. Therefore one should practice Krsna
> consciousness from the very beginning of life. If one wants
> to achieve success at the end of his life, the process
> of remembering Krsna is essential. Therefore one
> should constantly, incessantly chant the maha-mantra-
> Hare Krsna, Hare Krsna, Krsna Krsna, Hare Hare/ Hare Rama,
> Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.
> Lord Caitanya has advised that one be as
> tolerant as a tree (taror iva sahisnuna). There
> may be so many impediments for a person
> who is chanting Hare Krsna. Nonetheless,
> tolerating all these impediments, one should continue to
> chant Hare Krsna, Hare Krsna, Krsna Krsna,
> Hare Hare/ Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare, so
> that at the end of one's life one can have the full
> benefit of Krsna consciousness.
82
83 Bg 8.6
84
85 TEXT 6
86
87 TRANSLATION
88
89 Whatever state of being one remembers when he quits his
> body, O son of Kunti, that state he will attain without
> fail.
90
91 PURPORT
92
93 The process of changing one's nature at the critical moment
> of death is here explained. A person who at the end of his
> life quits his body thinking of Krsna attains the
> transcendental nature of the Supreme Lord, but it is not
> true that a person who thinks of something other than Krsna
> attains the same transcendental state. This is a point we
> should note very carefully. How can one die in the proper
> state of mind? Maharaja Bharata, although a great
> personality, thought of a deer at the end of his life,
> and so in his next life he was transferred into the body
> of a deer. Although as a deer he
> remembered his past activities, he had to accept
> that animal body. Of course, one's thoughts during
> the course of one's life accumulate to influence one's
> thoughts at the moment of death, so this life creates one's
> next life. If in one's present life one lives in the
> mode of goodness and always thinks of Krsna, it is
> possible for one to remember Krsna at the end of one's
> life. That will help one be transferred to the
> transcendental nature of Krsna. If one is transcendentally
> absorbed in Krsna's service, then his next body will be
> transcendental (spiritual), not material. Therefore the
> chanting of Hare Krsna, Hare Krsna, Krsna Krsna, Hare Hare/
> Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare is the best
> process for successfully changing one's state of being at
> the end of one's life.
94
95 Bg 8.7
96
97 TEXT 7
98
99 TRANSLATION
100
101 Therefore, Arjuna, you should always think of Me in the
> form of Krsna and at the same time carry out your
> prescribed duty of fighting. With your activities dedicated
> to Me and your mind and intelligence fixed on Me, you will
> attain Me without doubt.
102
103 PURPORT
104
105 This instruction to Arjuna is very important for all men
> engaged in material activities. The Lord does not say that
> one should give up his prescribed duties or engagements.
> One can continue them and at the same time think of Krsna
> by chanting Hare Krsna. This will free one from material
> contamination and engage the mind and intelligence in Krsna.
> By chanting Krsna's names, one will be transferred to the
> supreme planet, Krsnaloka, without a doubt.
106
107 Bg 8.8
108
109 TEXT 8
110
111 TRANSLATION
112
113 He who meditates on Me as the Supreme Personality of
> Godhead, his mind constantly engaged in remembering Me,
> undeviated from the path, he, O Partha, is sure to
> reach Me.
114
115 PURPORT
116
117 In this verse Lord Krsna stresses the importance of
> remembering Him. One's memory of Krsna is revived by
> chanting the maha-mantra, Hare Krsna. By this
> practice of chanting and hearing the sound vibration of the
> Supreme Lord, one's ear, tongue and mind are engaged. This
> mystic meditation is very easy to practice, and it helps
> one attain the Supreme Lord. Purusam means enjoyer.
> Although living entities belong to the marginal energy of
> the Supreme Lord, they are in material contamination. They
> think themselves enjoyers, but they are not the supreme
> enjoyer. Here it is clearly stated that the supreme enjoyer
> is the Supreme Personality of Godhead in His different
> manifestations and plenary expansions as Narayana, Vasudeva,
> etc.
118
119 The devotee can constantly think of the object of worship,
> the Supreme Lord, in any of His features-Narayana, Krsna,
> Rama, etc.-by chanting Hare Krsna. This practice will
> purify him, and at the end of his life, due to his constant
> chanting, he will be transferred to the kingdom of God.
> Yoga practice is meditation on the Supersoul within;
> similarly, by chanting Hare Krsna one fixes his mind always
> on the Supreme Lord. The mind is fickle, and therefore it
> is necessary to engage the mind by force to think of Krsna.
> One example often given is that of the caterpillar that
> thinks of becoming a butterfly and so is transformed into a
> butterfly in the same life. Similarly, if we constantly
> think of Krsna, it is certain that at the end of our lives
> we shall have the same bodily constitution as Krsna.
120
121 Bg 8.9
122
123 TEXT 9
124
125 TRANSLATION
126
127 One should meditate upon the Supreme Person as the one who
> knows everything, as He who is the oldest, who is the
> controller, who is smaller than the smallest, who is the
> maintainer of everything, who is beyond all material
> conception, who is inconceivable, and who is always a
> person. He is luminous like the sun, and He is
> transcendental, beyond this material nature.
128
129 PURPORT
130
131 The process of thinking of the Supreme is mentioned in this
> verse. The foremost point is that He is not impersonal or
> void. One cannot meditate on something impersonal or void.
> That is very difficult. The process of thinking of Krsna,
> however, is very easy and is factually stated herein. First
> of all, the Lord is purusa, a person-we think of
> the person Rama and the person Krsna. And whether one
> thinks of Rama or of Krsna, what He is like is described
> in this verse of Bhagavad-gita. The Lord is kavi;
> that is, He knows past, present and future and therefore
> knows everything. He is the oldest personality because He
> is the origin of everything; everything is born out of Him.
> He is also the supreme controller of the universe, and He
> is the maintainer and instructor of humanity. He is smaller
> than the smallest. The living entity is one ten-thousandth
> part of the tip of a hair, but the Lord is so inconceivably
> small that He enters into the heart of this particle.
> Therefore He is called smaller than the smallest. As the
> Supreme, He can enter into the atom and into the heart of
> the smallest and control him as the Supersoul. Although so
> small, He is still all-pervading and is maintaining
> everything. By Him all these planetary systems are
> sustained. We often wonder how these big planets are
> floating in the air. It is stated here that the Supreme
> Lord, by His inconceivable energy, is sustaining all these
> big planets and systems of galaxies. The word acintya ("
> inconceivable") is very significant in this connection. God'
> s energy is beyond our conception, beyond our thinking
> jurisdiction, and is therefore called inconceivable (
> acintya). Who can argue this point? He pervades this
> material world and yet is beyond it. We cannot
> comprehend even this material world, which is insignificant
> compared to the spiritual world-so how can we comprehend
> what is beyond? Acintya means that which is beyond this
> material world, that which our argument, logic and
> philosophical speculation cannot touch, that which is
> inconceivable. Therefore intelligent persons, avoiding
> useless argument and speculation, should accept what is
> stated in scriptures like the Vedas, Bhagavad-gita and
> Srimad-Bhagavatam and follow the principles they set down.
> This will lead one to understanding.
132
133 Bg 8.10
134
135 TEXT 10
136
137 TRANSLATION
138
139 One who, at the time of death, fixes his life air between
> the eyebrows and, by the strength of yoga, with an
> undeviating mind, engages himself in remembering the
> Supreme Lord in full devotion, will certainly attain to the
> Supreme Personality of Godhead.
140
141 PURPORT
142
143 In this verse it is clearly stated that at the time of
> death the mind must be fixed in devotion to the Supreme
> Personality of Godhead. For those practiced in yoga, it is
> recommended that they raise the life force between the
> eyebrows (to the ajna-cakra). The practice of sat-cakra-
> yoga, involving meditation on the six cakras, is suggested
> here. A pure devotee does not practice such yoga, but
> because he is always engaged in Krsna consciousness,
> at death he can remember the Supreme Personality of
> Godhead by His grace. This is explained in verse fourteen.
144
145 The particular use of the word yoga-balena is significant
> in this verse because without practice of yoga-whether sat-
> cakra-yoga or bhakti-yoga-one cannot come to this
> transcendental state of being at the time of death. One
> cannot suddenly remember the Supreme Lord at death; one
> must have practiced some yoga system, especially the
> system of bhakti-yoga. Since one's mind at death is very
> disturbed, one should practice transcendence through yoga
> during one's life.
146
147 Bg 8.11
148
149 TEXT 11
150
151 TRANSLATION
152
153 Persons who are learned in the Vedas, who utter omkara and
> who are great sages in the renounced order enter into
> Brahman. Desiring such perfection, one practices celibacy.
> I shall now briefly explain to you this process by which
> one may attain salvation.
154
155 PURPORT
156
157 Lord Sri Krsna has recommended to Arjuna the practice of
> sat-cakra-yoga, in which one places the air of life between
> the eyebrows. Taking it for granted that Arjuna might not
> know how to practice sat-cakra-yoga, the Lord explains the
> process in the following verses. The Lord says that Brahman,
> although one without a second, has various
> manifestations and features. Especially for the
> impersonalists, the aksara, or omkara-the syllable om-is
> identical with Brahman. Krsna here explains the impersonal
> Brahman, in which the renounced order of sages enter.
158
159 In the Vedic system of knowledge, students, from the very
> beginning, are taught to vibrate om and learn of the
> ultimate impersonal Brahman by living with the spiritual
> master in complete celibacy. In this way they realize two
> of Brahman's features. This practice is very essential for
> the student's advancement in spiritual life, but at the
> moment such brahmacari (unmarried celibate) life is not at
> all possible. The social construction of the world has
> changed so much that there is no possibility of one's
> practicing celibacy from the beginning of student life.
> Throughout the world there are many institutions for
> different departments of knowledge, but there is no
> recognized institution where students can be educated in
> the brahmacari principles. Unless one practices celibacy,
> advancement in spiritual life is very difficult. Therefore
> Lord Caitanya has announced, according to the scriptural
> injunctions for this Age of Kali, that in this age no
> process of realizing the Supreme is possible except the
> chanting of the holy names of Lord Krsna: Hare Krsna, Hare
> Krsna, Krsna Krsna, Hare Hare/ Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama
> Rama, Hare Hare.
160
161 Bg 8.12
162
163 TEXT 12
164
165 TRANSLATION
166
167 The yogic situation is that of detachment from all sensual
> engagements. Closing all the doors of the senses and fixing
> the mind on the heart and the life air at the top of the
> head, one establishes himself in yoga.
168
169 PURPORT
170
171 To practice yoga as suggested here, one first has to close
> the doors of all sense enjoyment. This practice is called
> pratyahara, or withdrawing the senses from the sense
> objects. The sense organs for acquiring knowledge-
> the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and touch-should be fully
> controlled and should not be allowed to engage in self-
> gratification. In this way the mind focuses on the
> Supersoul in the heart, and the life force is raised to the
> top of the head. In the Sixth Chapter this process is
> described in detail. But as mentioned before, this practice
> is not practical in this age. The best process is Krsna
> consciousness. If one is always able to fix his mind on
> Krsna in devotional service, it is very easy for him to
> remain in an undisturbed transcendental trance, or in
> samadhi.
172
173 Bg 8.13
174
175 TEXT 13
176
177 TRANSLATION
178
179 After being situated in this yoga practice and vibrating
> the sacred syllable om, the supreme combination of letters,
> if one thinks of the Supreme Personality of Godhead and
> quits his body, he will certainly reach the spiritual
> planets.
180
181 PURPORT
182
183 It is clearly stated here that om, Brahman and Lord Krsna
> are not different. The impersonal sound of Krsna is om, but
> the sound Hare Krsna contains om. The chanting of the Hare
> Krsna mantra is clearly recommended for this age. So if
> one quits his body at the end of life chanting Hare
> Krsna, Hare Krsna, Krsna Krsna, Hare Hare/ Hare Rama,
> Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare, he certainly reaches one
> of the spiritual planets, according to the mode
> of his practice. The devotees of Krsna enter the Krsna
> planet, Goloka Vrndavana. For the personalists
> there are also innumerable other
> planets, known as Vaikuntha planets, in the spiritual
> sky, whereas the impersonalists remain in the
> brahmajyoti.
184
185 Bg 8.14
186
187 TEXT 14
188
189 TRANSLATION
190
191 For one who always remembers Me without deviation, I am
> easy to obtain, O son of Prtha, because of his constant
> engagement in devotional service.
192
193 PURPORT
194
195 This verse especially describes the final
> destination attained by the unalloyed devotees who serve
> the Supreme Personality of Godhead in bhakti-yoga.
> Previous verses have mentioned four different
> kinds of devotees-the distressed, the inquisitive, those
> who seek material gain, and the speculative philosophers.
> Different processes of liberation
> have also been described: karma-yoga, jnana-
> yoga and hatha-yoga. The principles of these yoga systems
> have some bhakti added, but this verse particularly
> mentions pure bhakti-yoga, without any mixture of jnana,
> karma or hatha. As indicated by the word ananya-
> cetah, in pure bhakti-yoga the devotee desires nothing but
> Krsna. A pure devotee does not desire promotion to
> heavenly planets, nor does he seek oneness with the
> brahmajyoti or salvation or liberation from material
> entanglement. A pure devotee does not desire anything. In
> the Caitanya-caritamrta the pure devotee is called niskama,
> which means he has no desire for self-interest. Perfect
> peace belongs to him alone, not to them who strive for
> personal gain. Whereas a
> jnana-yogi, karma-yogi
> or hatha-yogi has his own selfish
> interests, a perfect devotee has
> no desire other than to please the
> Supreme Personality of Godhead
> . Therefore
>
> the Lord says that for anyone who is
> unflinchingly devoted to Him,
> He is easy
> to attain
> .
196
197 A pure devotee always engages in devotional service to
> Krsna in one of His various personal features. Krsna has
> various plenary expansions and incarnations, such as Rama
> and Nrsimha, and a devotee can choose to fix his mind in
> loving service to any of these transcendental forms of the
> Supreme Lord. Such a devotee meets with none of the
> problems that plague the practitioners of other yogas.
> Bhakti-yoga is very simple and pure and easy to perform.
> One can begin simply by chanting Hare Krsna. The Lord is
> merciful to all, but as we have already explained, He is
> especially inclined toward those who always serve Him
> without deviation. The Lord helps such devotees in various
> ways. As stated in the Vedas (Katha Upanisad 1.2.23), yam
> evaisa vrnute tena labhyas/ tasyaisa atma vivrnute tanum
> svam: one who is fully surrendered and engaged in the
> devotional service of the Supreme Lord can understand the
> Supreme Lord as He is. And as stated in Bhagavad-gita (10.
> 10), dadami buddhi-yogam tam: the Lord gives such a devotee
> sufficient intelligence so that ultimately the devotee can
> attain Him in His spiritual kingdom.
198
199 The special qualification of the pure devotee is that he is
> always thinking of Krsna without deviation and without
> considering the time or place. There should be no
> impediments. He should be able to carry out his service
> anywhere and at any time. Some say that the devotee should
> remain in holy places like Vrndavana or some holy town
> where the Lord lived, but a pure devotee can live anywhere
> and create the atmosphere of Vrndavana by his devotional
> service. It was Sri Advaita who told Lord Caitanya, "
> Wherever You are, O Lord-there is Vrndavana."
200
201 As indicated by the words satatam and nityasah, which mean "
> always," "regularly," or "every day," a pure devotee
> constantly remembers Krsna and meditates upon Him. These
> are qualifications of the pure devotee for whom the Lord is
> most easily attainable. Bhakti-yoga is the system that the
> Gita recommends above all others. Generally, the bhakti-
> yogis are engaged in five different ways: (1) santa-bhakta,
> engaged in devotional service in neutrality; (2) dasya-
> bhakta, engaged in devotional service as servant; (3)
> sakhya-bhakta, engaged as friend; (4) vatsalya-bhakta,
> engaged as parent; and (5) madhurya-bhakta, engaged as
> conjugal lover of the Supreme Lord. In any of these ways,
> the pure devotee is always constantly engaged in the
> transcendental loving service of the Supreme Lord and
> cannot forget the Supreme Lord, and so for him the Lord is
> easily attained. A pure devotee cannot forget the Supreme
> Lord for a moment, and similarly the Supreme Lord cannot
> forget His pure devotee for a moment. This is the great
> blessing of the Krsna conscious process of chanting the
> maha-mantra-Hare Krsna, Hare Krsna, Krsna Krsna, Hare
> Hare/ Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare Hare.
202
203 Bg 8.15
204
205 TEXT 15
206
207 TRANSLATION
208
209 After attaining Me, the great souls, who are yogis in
> devotion, never return to this temporary world, which is
> full of miseries, because they have attained the highest
> perfection.
210
211 PURPORT
212
213 Since this temporary material world is full of the miseries
> of birth, old age, disease and death, naturally he who
> achieves the highest perfection and attains the supreme
> planet, Krsnaloka, Goloka Vrndavana, does not wish to
> return. The supreme planet is described in Vedic literature
> as avyakta and aksara and parama gati; in other words, that
> planet is beyond our material vision, and it is
> inexplicable, but it is the highest goal, the destination
> for the mahatmas (great souls). The mahatmas receive
> transcendental messages from the realized devotees and thus
> gradually develop devotional service in Krsna consciousness
> and become so absorbed in transcendental service that they
> no longer desire elevation to any of the material planets,
> nor do they even want to be transferred to any spiritual
> planet. They only want Krsna and Krsna's association, and
> nothing else. That is the highest perfection of life.
> This verse specifically mentions the personalist devotees
> of the Supreme Lord, Krsna. These devotees in Krsna
> consciousness achieve the highest perfection of life. In
> other words, they are the supreme souls.
214
215 Bg 8.16
216
217 TEXT 16
218
219 TRANSLATION
220
221 From the highest planet in the material world down to the
> lowest, all are places of misery wherein repeated birth and
> death take place. But one who attains to My abode, O son of
> Kunti, never takes birth again.
222
223 PURPORT
224
225 All kinds of yogis-karma, jnana, hatha, etc.-eventually
> have to attain devotional perfection in bhakti-yoga, or
> Krsna consciousness, before they can go to Krsna's
> transcendental abode and never return. Those who attain the
> highest material planets, the planets of the demigods,
> are again subjected to repeated birth and death. As persons
> on earth are elevated to higher planets, people on higher
> planets such as Brahmaloka, Candraloka and Indraloka fall
> down to earth. The practice of sacrifice called pancagni-
> vidya, recommended in the Chandogya Upanisad, enables one
> to achieve Brahmaloka, but if, on Brahmaloka, one does not
> cultivate Krsna consciousness, then he must return to earth.
> Those who progress in Krsna consciousness on the higher
> planets are gradually elevated to higher and higher planets
> and at the time of universal devastation are transferred to
> the eternal spiritual kingdom. Sridhara
> Svami, in his
> commentary on
> Bhagavad-gita, quotes
> this
> verse:
226
227 brahmana saha te sarve samprapte pratisancare parasyante
> krtatmanah pravisanti param padam
228
229 "When there is devastation of this material universe,
> Brahma and his devotees, who are constantly engaged in
> Krsna consciousness, are all transferred to the spiritual
> universe and to specific spiritual planets according to
> their desires."
230
231 Bg 8.17
232
233 TEXT 17
234
235 TRANSLATION
236
237 By human calculation, a thousand ages taken together form
> the duration of Brahma's one day. And such also is the
> duration of his night.
238
239 PURPORT
240
241 The duration of the material universe is limited. It is
> manifested in cycles of kalpas. A kalpa is a day of Brahma,
> and one day of Brahma consists of a thousand cycles of four
> yugas, or ages: Satya, Treta, Dvapara and Kali. The cycle
> of Satya is characterized by virtue, wisdom and religion,
> there being practically no ignorance and vice, and the yuga
> lasts 1,728,000 years. In the Treta-yuga vice is introduced,
> and this yuga lasts 1,296,000 years. In the Dvapara-yuga
> there is an even greater decline in virtue and religion,
> vice increasing, and this yuga lasts 864,000 years. And
> finally in Kali-yuga (the yuga we have now been
> experiencing over the past 5,000 years) there is an
> abundance of strife, ignorance, irreligion and vice, true
> virtue being practically nonexistent, and this yuga lasts
> 432,000 years. In Kali-yuga vice increases to such a point
> that at the termination of the yuga the Supreme Lord
> Himself appears as the Kalki avatara, vanquishes the demons,
> saves His devotees, and commences another Satya-yuga. Then
> the process is set rolling again. These four yugas,
> rotating a thousand times, comprise one day of Brahma,
> and the same number comprise one night. Brahma
> lives one hundred of such "years" and then dies. These "
> hundred years" by earth calculations total to 311 trillion
> and 40 billion earth years. By these calculations the life
> of Brahma seems fantastic and interminable, but from the
> viewpoint of eternity it is as brief as a lightning flash.
> In the Causal Ocean there are innumerable Brahmas rising
> and disappearing like bubbles in the Atlantic. Brahma and
> his creation are all part of the material universe, and
> therefore they are in constant flux.
242
243 In the material universe not even Brahma is free from the
> process of birth, old age, disease and death. Brahma,
> however, is directly engaged in the service of the Supreme
> Lord in the management of this universe-therefore he at
> once attains liberation. Elevated sannyasis are promoted to
> Brahma's particular planet, Brahmaloka, which is the
> highest planet in the material universe and which survives
> all the heavenly planets in the upper strata of the
> planetary system, but in due course Brahma and all the
> inhabitants of Brahmaloka are subject to death, according
> to the law of material nature.
244
245 Bg 8.18
246
247 TEXT 18
248
249 TRANSLATION
250
251 At the beginning of Brahma's day, all
> living entities become manifest from the
> unmanifest state, and thereafter, when the night
> falls, they are merged into the unmanifest again.
252
253 Bg 8.19
254
255 TEXT 19
256
257 TRANSLATION
258
259 Again and again, when Brahma's day arrives, all living
> entities come into being, and with the arrival
> of Brahma's night they are helplessly annihilated.
260
261 PURPORT
262
263 The less intelligent, who try to remain within this
> material world, may be elevated to higher planets and then
> again must come down to this planet earth. During the
> daytime of Brahma they can exhibit their activities on
> higher and lower planets within this material world, but at
> the coming of Brahma's night they are all annihilated. In
> the day they receive various bodies for material activities,
> and at night they no longer have bodies but remain compact
> in the body of Visnu. Then again they are manifest at the
> arrival of Brahma's day. Bhutva bhutva praliyate: during
> the day they become manifest, and at night they are
> annihilated again. Ultimately, when Brahma's life is
> finished, they are all annihilated and remain unmanifest
> for millions and millions of years. And when Brahma is born
> again in another millennium they are again manifest. In
> this way they are captivated by the spell of the material
> world. But those intelligent persons who take to Krsna
> consciousness use the human life fully in the devotional
> service of the Lord, chanting Hare Krsna, Hare Krsna, Krsna
> Krsna, Hare Hare/ Hare Rama, Hare Rama, Rama Rama, Hare
> Hare. Thus they transfer themselves, even in this life, to
> the spiritual planet of Krsna and become eternally blissful
> there, not being subject to such rebirths.
264
265 Bg 8.20
266
267 TEXT 20
268
269 TRANSLATION
270
271 Yet there is another unmanifest nature, which is eternal
> and is transcendental to this manifested and unmanifested
> matter. It is supreme and is never annihilated. When all in
> this world is annihilated, that part remains as it is.
272
273 PURPORT
274
275 Krsna's superior, spiritual energy is transcendental and
> eternal. It is beyond all the changes of material nature,
> which is manifest and annihilated during the days and
> nights of Brahma. Krsna's superior energy is completely
> opposite in quality to material nature. Superior and
> inferior nature are explained in the Seventh Chapter.
276
277 Bg 8.21
278
279 TEXT 21
280
281 TRANSLATION
282
283 That which the Vedantists describe as unmanifest
> and infallible, that which is known as the supreme
> destination, that place from which, having attained it,
> one never returns-that is My supreme abode.
284
285 PURPORT
286
287 The supreme abode of the Personality of Godhead, Krsna, is
> described in the Brahma-samhita as cintamani-dhama, a place
> where all desires are fulfilled. The supreme abode of Lord
> Krsna, known as Goloka Vrndavana, is full of palaces made
> of touchstone. There are also trees, called "
> desire trees," that supply any type of eatable upon demand,
> and there are cows, known as surabhi cows, which supply a
> limitless supply of milk. In this abode, the Lord is served
> by hundreds of thousands of goddesses of fortune (Laksmis),
> and He is called Govinda, the primal Lord and the cause of
> all causes. The Lord is accustomed to blow His flute (venum
> kvanantam). His transcendental form is the most attractive
> in all the worlds-His eyes are like lotus petals, and
> the color of His body is like the color of clouds. He is so
> attractive that His beauty excels that of thousands of
> Cupids. He wears saffron cloth, a garland around His neck
> and a peacock feather in His hair. In the Bhagavad-gita
> Lord Krsna gives only a small hint of His personal abode,
> Goloka Vrndavana, which is the supermost planet in the
> spiritual kingdom. A vivid description is given in the
> Brahma-samhita. Vedic literatures (Katha Upanisad 1.3.
> 11) state that there is nothing superior to the abode of
> the Supreme Godhead, and that that abode is the ultimate
> destination (purusan na param kincit sa kastha parama gatih)
> . When one attains to it, he never returns to the material
> world. Krsna's supreme abode and Krsna Himself are
> nondifferent, being of the same quality. On this earth,
> Vrndavana, ninety miles southeast of Delhi, is a replica of
> that supreme Goloka Vrndavana located in the spiritual sky.
> When Krsna descended on this earth, He sported on that
> particular tract of land known as Vrndavana, comprising
> about eighty-four square miles in the district of Mathura,
> India.
288
289 Bg 8.22
290
291 TEXT 22
292
293 TRANSLATION
294
295 The Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is greater than all,
> is attainable by unalloyed devotion. Although He is
> present in His abode, He is all-pervading, and everything
> is situated within Him.
296
297 PURPORT
298
299 It is here clearly stated that the supreme destination,
> from which there is no return, is the abode of Krsna, the
> Supreme Person. The Brahma-samhita describes this supreme
> abode as ananda-cinmaya-rasa, a place where everything is
> full of spiritual bliss. All the
> variegatedness manifest there is of the quality of
> spiritual bliss-nothing there is material. That
> variegatedness is expanded as the spiritual expansion of
> the Supreme Godhead Himself, for the manifestation there is
> totally of the spiritual energy, as explained in Chapter
> Seven. As far as this material world is concerned, although
> the Lord is always in His supreme abode, He is nonetheless
> all-pervading by His material energy. So by His spiritual
> and material energies He is present everywhere-both in the
> material and in the spiritual universes. Yasyantah-
> sthani means that everything is sustained within Him,
> within either His spiritual or material energy. The Lord
> is all-pervading by these two energies.
300
301 To enter Krsna's supreme abode or the innumerable Vaikuntha
> planets is possible only by bhakti, devotional service, as
> clearly indicated here by the word bhaktya. No other
> process can help one attain that supreme abode. The Vedas (
> Gopala-tapani Upanisad 3.2) also describe the supreme abode
> and the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Eko vasi sarva-gah
> krsnah. In that abode there is only one Supreme Personality
> of Godhead, whose name is Krsna. He is the supreme merciful
> Deity, and although situated there as one He has expanded
> Himself into millions and millions of plenary expansions.
> The Vedas compare the Lord to a tree standing still yet
> bearing many varieties of fruits, flowers and changing
> leaves. The plenary expansions of the Lord who preside over
> the Vaikuntha planets are four-armed, and they are known by
> a variety of names-Purusottama, Trivikrama, Kesava, Madhava,
> Aniruddha, Hrsikesa, Sankarsana, Pradyumna, Sridhara,
> Vasudeva, Damodara, Janardana, Narayana, Vamana, Padmanabha,
> etc.
302
303 The Brahma-samhita
> (
> 5.37) also confirms that although the
> Lord is always in the supreme abode,
> Goloka
> Vrndavana, He is all-
> pervading, so that
> everything is going on nicely (goloka eva
> nivasaty akhilatma-bhutah). As
> stated in the Vedas (
> Svetasvatara Upanisad 6.8), parasya
> saktir vividhaiva sruyate/ svabhaviki jnana-bala-
> kriya ca: His energies are so expansive that
> they systematically conduct everything in the cosmic
> manifestation without a flaw, although
> the Supreme Lord is far, far
> away
> .
304
305 Bg 8.23
306
307 TEXT 23
308
309 TRANSLATION
310
311 O best of the Bharatas, I shall now explain to you the
> different times at which, passing away from this world, the
> yogi does or does not come back.
312
313 PURPORT
314
315 The unalloyed devotees of the Supreme Lord, who are totally
> surrendered souls, do not care when they leave their bodies
> or by what method. They leave everything in Krsna's hands
> and so easily and happily return to Godhead. But those who
> are not unalloyed devotees and who depend instead on such
> methods of spiritual realization as karma-yoga, jnana-yoga
> and hatha-yoga must leave the body at a suitable
> time and thereby be assured whether or not they will return
> to the world of birth and death.
316
317 If the yogi is perfect he can select the time and
> situation for leaving this material world. But if he is not
> so expert his success depends on his accidentally
> passing away at a certain suitable time. The
> suitable times at which one passes away and does not come
> back are explained by the Lord in the next verse.
> According to Acarya Baladeva Vidyabhusana, the Sanskrit
> word kala used herein refers to the presiding deity of time.
318
319 Bg 8.24
320
321 TEXT 24
322
323 TRANSLATION
324
325 Those who know the Supreme Brahman attain that Supreme by
> passing away from the world during the influence of the
> fiery god, in the light, at an auspicious moment of the day,
> during the fortnight of the waxing moon, or during the six
> months when the sun travels in the north.
326
327 PURPORT
328
329 When fire, light, day and the fortnight of the moon are
> mentioned, it is to be understood that over all of them
> there are various presiding deities who make arrangements
> for the passage of the soul. At the time of death, the mind
> carries one on the path to a new life. If one leaves the
> body at the time designated above, either accidentally or
> by arrangement, it is possible for him to attain the
> impersonal brahmajyoti. Mystics who are advanced in yoga
> practice can arrange the time and place to leave the body.
> Others have no control-if by accident they leave at an
> auspicious moment, then they will not return to the cycle
> of birth and death, but otherwise there is every
> possibility that they will have to return. However, for the
> pure devotee in Krsna consciousness, there is no fear of
> returning, whether he leaves the body at an auspicious or
> inauspicious moment, by accident or arrangement.
330
331 Bg 8.25
332
333 TEXT 25
334
335 TRANSLATION
336
337 The mystic who passes away from this world during the smoke,
> the night, the fortnight of the waning moon, or
> the six months when the sun passes to the south
> reaches the moon planet but again comes back.
338
339 PURPORT
340
341 In the Third Canto of Srimad-Bhagavatam Kapila Muni
> mentions that those who are expert in fruitive activities
> and sacrificial methods on earth attain to the moon at
> death. These elevated souls live on the moon for about 10,
> 000 years (by demigod calculations) and enjoy life by
> drinking soma-rasa. They eventually return to earth. This
> means that on the moon there are higher classes of living
> beings, though they may not be perceived by the gross
> senses.
342
343 Bg 8.26
344
345 TEXT 26
346
347 TRANSLATION
348
349 According to Vedic opinion, there are two ways of passing
> from this world-one in light and one in darkness. When one
> passes in light, he does not come back; but when one passes
> in darkness, he returns.
350
351 PURPORT
352
353 The same description of departure and return is quoted by
> Acarya Baladeva Vidyabhusana from the Chandogya Upanisad
> (5.10.3–5). Those who are fruitive laborers and
> philosophical speculators from time immemorial are
> constantly going and coming. Actually they do not attain
> ultimate salvation, for they do not surrender to Krsna.
354
355 Bg 8.27
356
357 TEXT 27
358
359 TRANSLATION
360
361 Although the devotees know these two paths, O Arjuna,
> they are never bewildered. Therefore be always fixed in
> devotion.
362
363 PURPORT
364
365 Krsna is here advising Arjuna that he should not be
> disturbed by the different paths the soul can take when
> leaving the material world. A devotee of the Supreme Lord
> should not worry whether he will depart by
> arrangement or by accident. The devotee should be firmly
> established in Krsna consciousness and chant Hare Krsna. He
> should know that concern over either of these two paths is
> troublesome. The best way to be absorbed in Krsna
> consciousness is to be always dovetailed in His service,
> and this will make one's path to the spiritual kingdom safe,
> certain and direct. The word yoga-yukta is especially
> significant in this verse. One who is firm in yoga is
> constantly engaged in Krsna consciousness in all his
> activities. Sri Rupa Gosvami advises, anasaktasya visayan
> yatharham upayunjatah: one should be unattached in
> material affairs and do everything in
> Krsna consciousness. By this system, which is called yukta-
> vairagya, one attains perfection. Therefore the devotee is
> not disturbed by these descriptions, because he knows that
> his passage to the supreme abode is guaranteed by
> devotional service.
366
367 Bg 8.28
368
369 TEXT 28
370
371 TRANSLATION
372
373 A person who accepts the path of devotional service is not
> bereft of the results derived from studying the Vedas,
> performing austere sacrifices, giving charity or pursuing
> philosophical and fruitive activities. Simply by performing
> devotional service, he attains all these, and at the end he
> reaches the supreme eternal abode.
374
375 PURPORT
376
377 This verse is the summation of the Seventh and Eighth
> chapters, which particularly deal with
> Krsna consciousness and devotional service. One has to
> study the Vedas under the guidance of the spiritual master
> and undergo many austerities and penances while living
> under his care. A brahmacari has to live in the home of the
> spiritual master just like a servant, and he must beg alms
> from door to door and bring them to the spiritual master.
> He takes food only under the master's order, and if the
> master neglects to call the student for food that day, the
> student fasts. These are some of the Vedic principles for
> observing brahmacarya.
378
379 After the student studies the Vedas under the master for a
> period from five to twenty years, he may become a man of
> perfect character.
380
381 Study of the Vedas is not meant for the recreation of
> armchair speculators, but for the formation of character.
> After this training, the brahmacari is allowed to enter
> into household life and marry. When he is a householder, he
> has to perform many sacrifices so that he may
> achieve further enlightenment. He must also give charity
> according to the country, time and candidate,
> discriminating among charity in goodness, in passion and in
> ignorance, as described in Bhagavad-gita. Then after
> retiring from household life, upon accepting the order of
> vanaprastha, he undergoes severe penances-living
> in forests, dressing with tree bark, not shaving, etc. By
> carrying out the orders of brahmacarya, householder life,
> vanaprastha and finally sannyasa, one becomes elevated to
> the perfectional stage of life. Some are then elevated to
> the heavenly kingdoms, and when they become even more
> advanced they are liberated in the spiritual sky, either in
> the impersonal brahmajyoti or in the Vaikuntha planets or
> Krsnaloka. This is the path outlined by Vedic literatures.
382
383 The beauty of Krsna consciousness, however, is that by one
> stroke, by engaging in devotional service, one can surpass
> all the rituals of the different orders of life.
384
385 The words idam viditva indicate that one should understand
> the instructions given by Sri Krsna in this
> chapter and the Seventh Chapter of Bhagavad-gita. One
> should try to understand these chapters not by scholarship
> or mental speculation but by hearing them in association
> with devotees. Chapters Seven through Twelve are the
> essence of Bhagavad-gita. The first six and the last six
> chapters are like coverings for the middle six chapters,
> which are especially protected by the Lord. If one is
> fortunate enough to understand Bhagavad-gita-especially
> these middle six chapters-in the association of
> devotees, then his life at once becomes glorified beyond
> all penances, sacrifices, charities, speculations, etc.,
> for one can achieve all the results of these activities
> simply by Krsna consciousness.
386
387 One who has a
> little faith in Bhagavad-gita should learn Bhagavad-
> gita from a devotee, because in
> the beginning of the Fourth Chapter it is stated
> clearly that Bhagavad-gita can
> be understood only by devotees;
> no one else can perfectly understand
> the purpose of Bhagavad-gita. One
> should therefore learn Bhagavad-gita from a devotee
> of Krsna, not from mental speculators. This
> is a sign of faith. When one searches for
> a devotee and finally gets a devotee's
> association one actually begins to study and
> understand Bhagavad-gita. By advancement in the
> association of the devotee one is placed in devotional
> service, and this service dispels all one's misgivings
> about Krsna, or God, and Krsna's activities, form, pastimes,
> name and other features. After these misgivings have
> been perfectly cleared away, one becomes fixed in
> one's study. Then one relishes the study
> of Bhagavad-gita and attains the state of
> feeling always Krsna conscious. In the advanced stage,
> one falls completely in love with Krsna.
> This highest perfectional stage of life
> enables the devotee to be transferred
> to Krsna's abode in the spiritual sky, Goloka Vrndavana,
> where the devotee becomes eternally happy.
388
389 Thus end the Bhaktivedanta Purports to the Eighth Chapter
> of the Srimad Bhagavad-gita in the matter of Attaining the
> Supreme.
390