1 Chapter 1
2
3 Observing the Armies on the Battlefield of Kuruksetra
4
5 Bg 1.1
6
7 TEXT 1
8
9 TRANSLATION
10
11 Dhrtarastra said: O Sanjaya, after my sons and the
> sons of Pandu assembled in the place of
> pilgrimage at Kuruksetra, desiring to fight, what
> did they do?
12
13 PURPORT
14
15 Bhagavad-gita is the widely read theistic science
> summarized in the Gita-mahatmya (Glorification of the Gita).
> There it says that one should read Bhagavad-gita very
> scrutinizingly with the help of a person who is a devotee
> of Sri Krsna and try to understand it without personally
> motivated interpretations. The example of clear
> understanding is there in the Bhagavad-gita itself, in the
> way the teaching is understood by Arjuna, who heard the
> Gita directly from the Lord. If someone is fortunate enough
> to understand Bhagavad-gita in that line of disciplic
> succession, without motivated interpretation, then he
> surpasses all studies of Vedic wisdom, and all scriptures
> of the world. One will find in the Bhagavad-gita all that
> is contained in other scriptures, but the reader will also
> find things which are not to be found elsewhere. That is
> the specific standard of the Gita. It is the perfect
> theistic science because it is directly spoken by the
> Supreme Personality of Godhead, Lord Sri Krsna.
16
17 The topics discussed by Dhrtarastra and Sanjaya, as
> described in the Mahabharata, form the basic principle for
> this great philosophy. It is understood that this
> philosophy evolved on the Battlefield of Kuruksetra, which
> is a sacred place of pilgrimage from the immemorial time of
> the Vedic age. It was spoken by the Lord when He was
> present personally on this planet for the guidance of
> mankind.
18
19 The word dharma-ksetra (a place where religious rituals are
> performed) is significant because, on the Battlefield of
> Kuruksetra, the Supreme Personality of Godhead was present
> on the side of Arjuna. Dhrtarastra, the father of the Kurus,
> was highly doubtful about the possibility of his sons'
> ultimate victory. In his doubt, he inquired from his
> secretary Sanjaya, "What did they
> do?" He was confident that both his sons and the sons
> of his younger brother Pandu were assembled in that Field
> of Kuruksetra for a determined engagement of the war. Still,
> his inquiry is significant. He did not want a compromise
> between the cousins and brothers, and he wanted to be sure
> of the fate of his sons on the battlefield. Because the
> battle was arranged to be fought at Kuruksetra, which is
> mentioned elsewhere in the Vedas as a place of worship-even
> for the denizens of heaven-Dhrtarastra became very fearful
> about the influence of the holy place on the outcome of the
> battle. He knew very well that this would influence Arjuna
> and the sons of Pandu favorably, because by nature they
> were all virtuous. Sanjaya was a student of Vyasa, and
> therefore, by the mercy of Vyasa, Sanjaya was able to
> envision the Battlefield of Kuruksetra even while he was in
> the room of Dhrtarastra. And so, Dhrtarastra asked him
> about the situation on the battlefield.
20
21 Both the Pandavas and the sons of Dhrtarastra belong to the
> same family, but Dhrtarastra's mind is disclosed herein. He
> deliberately claimed only his sons as Kurus, and he
> separated the sons of Pandu from the family heritage. One
> can thus understand the specific position of Dhrtarastra in
> his relationship with his nephews, the sons of Pandu. As in
> the paddy field the unnecessary plants are taken out, so it
> is expected from the very beginning of these topics that in
> the religious field of Kuruksetra, where the father of
> religion, Sri Krsna, was present, the unwanted plants like
> Dhrtarastra's son Duryodhana and others would be wiped out
> and the thoroughly religious persons, headed by Yudhisthira,
> would be established by the Lord. This is the significance
> of the words dharma-ksetre and kuru-ksetre, apart from
> their historical and Vedic importance.
22
23 Bg 1.2
24
25 TEXT 2
26
27 TRANSLATION
28
29 Sanjaya said: O King, after looking over the army arranged
> in military formation by the sons of Pandu, King Duryodhana
> went to his teacher and spoke the following words.
30
31 PURPORT
32
33 Dhrtarastra was blind from birth. Unfortunately, he was
> also bereft of spiritual vision. He knew very well that his
> sons were equally blind in the matter of religion, and he
> was sure that they could never reach an understanding with
> the Pandavas, who were all pious since birth. Still he was
> doubtful about the influence of the place of pilgrimage,
> and Sanjaya could understand his motive in asking about the
> situation on the battlefield. Sanjaya wanted, therefore, to
> encourage the despondent king and thus assured him
> that his sons were not going to make any sort of compromise
> under the influence of the holy place. Sanjaya therefore
> informed the king that his son, Duryodhana, after seeing
> the military force of the Pandavas, at once went to the
> commander in chief, Dronacarya, to inform him of the real
> position. Although Duryodhana is mentioned as the king, he
> still had to go to the commander on account of the
> seriousness of the situation. He was therefore quite fit to
> be a politician. But Duryodhana's diplomatic veneer could
> not disguise the fear he felt when he saw the military
> arrangement of the Pandavas.
34
35 Bg 1.3
36
37 TEXT 3
38
39 TRANSLATION
40
41 O my teacher, behold the great army of the sons of Pandu,
> so expertly arranged by your intelligent disciple the son
> of Drupada.
42
43 PURPORT
44
45 Duryodhana, a great diplomat, wanted to point out the
> defects of Dronacarya, the great brahmana commander in
> chief. Dronacarya had some political quarrel with King
> Drupada, the father of Draupadi, who was Arjuna's wife. As
> a result of this quarrel, Drupada performed a great
> sacrifice, by which he received the benediction of having a
> son who would be able to kill Dronacarya. Dronacarya knew
> this perfectly well, and yet as a liberal brahmana he did
> not hesitate to impart all his military secrets when the
> son of Drupada, Dhrstadyumna, was entrusted to him for
> military education. Now, on the Battlefield of Kuruksetra,
> Dhrstadyumna took the side of the Pandavas, and it was he
> who arranged for their military phalanx, after having
> learned the art from Dronacarya. Duryodhana pointed out
> this mistake of Dronacarya's so that he might be alert and
> uncompromising in the fighting. By this he wanted to point
> out also that he should not be similarly lenient in battle
> against the Pandavas, who were also Dronacarya's
> affectionate students. Arjuna, especially, was his most
> affectionate and brilliant student. Duryodhana also warned
> that such leniency in the fight would lead to defeat.
46
47 Bg 1.4
48
49 TEXT 4
50
51 TRANSLATION
52
53 Here in this army are many heroic bowmen equal in
> fighting to Bhima and Arjuna: great fighters
> like Yuyudhana, Virata and Drupada.
54
55 PURPORT
56
57 Even though Dhrstadyumna was not a very important obstacle
> in the face of Dronacarya's very great power in the
> military art, there were many others who were causes
> of fear. They are mentioned by Duryodhana as great
> stumbling blocks on the path of victory because each and
> every one of them was as formidable as Bhima and Arjuna. He
> knew the strength of Bhima and Arjuna, and thus he compared
> the others with them.
58
59 Bg 1.5
60
61 TEXT 5
62
63 TRANSLATION
64
65 There are also great, heroic, powerful fighters like
> Dhrstaketu, Cekitana, Kasiraja, Purujit, Kuntibhoja and
> Saibya.
66
67 Bg 1.6
68
69 TEXT 6
70
71 TRANSLATION
72
73 There are the mighty Yudhamanyu, the very powerful
> Uttamauja, the son of Subhadra and the sons of Draupadi.
> All these warriors are great chariot fighters.
74
75 Bg 1.7
76
77 TEXT 7
78
79 TRANSLATION
80
81 But for your information, O best of the brahmanas
> , let me tell you about the captains who are
> especially qualified to lead my military force.
82
83 Bg 1.8
84
85 TEXT 8
86
87 TRANSLATION
88
89 There are personalities like you, Bhisma, Karna, Krpa,
> Asvatthama, Vikarna and the son of Somadatta called
> Bhurisrava, who are always victorious in battle.
90
91 PURPORT
92
93 Duryodhana mentions the exceptional heroes in the battle,
> all of whom are ever victorious. Vikarna is the brother of
> Duryodhana, Asvatthama is the son of Dronacarya, and
> Saumadatti, or Bhurisrava, is the son of the King of the
> Bahlikas. Karna is the half brother of Arjuna, as he was
> born of Kunti before her marriage with King Pandu.
> Krpacarya's twin sister married Dronacarya.
94
95 Bg 1.9
96
97 TEXT 9
98
99 TRANSLATION
100
101 There are many other heroes who are prepared to lay down
> their lives for my sake. All of them are well equipped with
> different kinds of weapons, and all are experienced in
> military science.
102
103 PURPORT
104
105 As far as the others are concerned-like Jayadratha,
> Krtavarma and Salya-all are determined to lay down
> their lives for Duryodhana's sake. In other words, it is
> already concluded that all of them would die in the Battle
> of Kuruksetra for joining the party of the sinful
> Duryodhana. Duryodhana was, of course, confident of his
> victory on account of the above-mentioned combined strength
> of his friends.
106
107 Bg 1.10
108
109 TEXT 10
110
111 TRANSLATION
112
113 Our strength is immeasurable, and we are perfectly
> protected by Grandfather Bhisma, whereas the strength of
> the Pandavas, carefully protected by Bhima, is limited.
114
115 PURPORT
116
117 Herein an estimation of comparative strength is made by
> Duryodhana. He thinks that the strength of his armed forces
> is immeasurable, being specifically protected by the most
> experienced general, Grandfather Bhisma. On the other hand,
> the forces of the Pandavas are limited, being protected by
> a less experienced general, Bhima, who is like a fig in the
> presence of Bhisma. Duryodhana was always envious of Bhima
> because he knew perfectly well that if he should die at all,
> he would only be killed by Bhima. But at the same time, he
> was confident of his victory on account of the presence of
> Bhisma, who was a far superior general. His conclusion that
> he would come out of the battle victorious was well
> ascertained.
118
119 Bg 1.11
120
121 TEXT 11
122
123 TRANSLATION
124
125 All of you must now give full support to Grandfather
> Bhisma, as you stand at your respective strategic
> points of entrance into the phalanx of the army.
126
127 PURPORT
128
129 Duryodhana, after praising the prowess of Bhisma, further
> considered that others might think that they had been
> considered less important, so in his usual diplomatic way,
> he tried to adjust the situation in the above words. He
> emphasized that Bhismadeva was undoubtedly the greatest
> hero, but he was an old man, so everyone must especially
> think of his protection from all sides. He might become
> engaged in the fight, and the enemy might take advantage of
> his full engagement on one side. Therefore, it was
> important that other heroes not leave their strategic
> positions and allow the enemy to break the phalanx.
> Duryodhana clearly felt that the victory of the Kurus
> depended on the presence of Bhismadeva. He was confident of
> the full support of Bhismadeva and Dronacarya in the battle
> because he well knew that they did not even speak a word
> when Arjuna's wife Draupadi, in her helpless condition, had
> appealed to them for justice while she was being forced to
> appear naked in the presence of all the great generals in
> the assembly. Although he knew that the two generals had
> some sort of affection for the Pandavas, he hoped that
> these generals would now completely give it up
> , as they had done during the gambling
> performances.
130
131 Bg 1.12
132
133 TEXT 12
134
135 TRANSLATION
136
137 Then Bhisma, the great valiant grandsire of the Kuru
> dynasty, the grandfather of the fighters, blew his
> conchshell very loudly, making a sound like the roar of a
> lion, giving Duryodhana joy.
138
139 PURPORT
140
141 The grandsire of the Kuru dynasty could understand the
> inner meaning of the heart of his grandson Duryodhana, and
> out of his natural compassion for him he tried to cheer him
> by blowing his conchshell very loudly, befitting his
> position as a lion. Indirectly, by the symbolism of the
> conchshell, he informed his depressed grandson Duryodhana
> that he had no chance of victory in the battle, because the
> Supreme Lord Krsna was on the other side. But still, it was
> his duty to conduct the fight, and no pains would be spared
> in that connection.
142
143 Bg 1.13
144
145 TEXT 13
146
147 TRANSLATION
148
149 After that, the conchshells, drums, bugles, trumpets and
> horns were all suddenly sounded, and the combined sound was
> tumultuous.
150
151 Bg 1.14
152
153 TEXT 14
154
155 TRANSLATION
156
157 On the other side, both Lord Krsna and Arjuna, stationed on
> a great chariot drawn by white horses, sounded their
> transcendental conchshells.
158
159 PURPORT
160
161 In contrast with the conchshell blown by Bhismadeva, the
> conchshells in the hands of Krsna and Arjuna are described
> as transcendental. The sounding of the transcendental
> conchshells indicated that there was no hope of victory for
> the other side because Krsna was on the side of the
> Pandavas. Jayas tu pandu-putranam yesam pakse janardanah.
> Victory is always with persons like the sons of Pandu
> because Lord Krsna is associated with them. And whenever
> and wherever the Lord is present, the goddess of fortune is
> also there because the goddess of fortune never lives alone
> without her husband. Therefore, victory and fortune were
> awaiting Arjuna, as indicated by the transcendental sound
> produced by the conchshell of Visnu, or Lord Krsna. Besides
> that, the chariot on which both the friends were seated had
> been donated by Agni (the fire-god) to Arjuna, and this
> indicated that this chariot was capable of conquering all
> sides, wherever it was drawn over the three worlds.
162
163 Bg 1.15
164
165 TEXT 15
166
167 TRANSLATION
168
169 Lord Krsna blew His conchshell, called Pancajanya;
> Arjuna blew his, the Devadatta; and Bhima, the voracious
> eater and performer of herculean tasks, blew his terrific
> conchshell, called Paundra.
170
171 PURPORT
172
173 Lord Krsna is referred to as Hrsikesa in this verse because
> He is the owner of all senses. The living entities are part
> and parcel of Him, and therefore the senses of the living
> entities are also part and parcel of His senses. The
> impersonalists cannot account for the senses of the living
> entities, and therefore they are always anxious to describe
> all living entities as sense-less, or impersonal. The Lord,
> situated in the hearts of all living entities, directs
> their senses. But He directs in terms of the surrender of
> the living entity, and in the case of a pure devotee He
> directly controls the senses. Here on the Battlefield of
> Kuruksetra the Lord directly controls the transcendental
> senses of Arjuna, and thus His particular name of Hrsikesa.
> The Lord has different names according to His different
> activities. For example, His name is Madhusudana because He
> killed the demon of the name Madhu; His name is Govinda
> because He gives pleasure to the cows and to the senses;
> His name is Vasudeva because He appeared as the son of
> Vasudeva; His name is Devaki-nandana because He accepted
> Devaki as His mother; His name is Yasoda-nandana because He
> awarded His childhood pastimes to Yasoda at Vrndavana; His
> name is Partha-sarathi because He worked as charioteer of
> His friend Arjuna. Similarly, His name is Hrsikesa because
> He gave direction to Arjuna on the Battlefield of
> Kuruksetra.
174
175 Arjuna is referred to as Dhananjaya in this verse because
> he helped his elder brother in fetching wealth when it was
> required by the king to make expenditures for different
> sacrifices. Similarly, Bhima is known as Vrkodara because
> he could eat as voraciously as he could perform herculean
> tasks, such as killing the demon Hidimba. So the
> particular types of conchshell blown by the different
> personalities on the side of the Pandavas, beginning with
> the Lord's, were all very encouraging to the fighting
> soldiers. On the other side there were no such credits, nor
> the presence of Lord Krsna, the supreme director, nor that
> of the goddess of fortune. So they were predestined to
> lose the battle-and that was the message announced by the
> sounds of the conchshells.
176
177 Bg 1.16-18
178
179 TEXTS 16–18
180
181 TRANSLATION
182
183 King Yudhisthira, the son of Kunti, blew his conchshell,
> the Ananta-vijaya, and Nakula and Sahadeva blew the
> Sughosa and Manipuspaka. That great archer the King of Kasi,
> the great fighter Sikhandi, Dhrstadyumna, Virata, the
> unconquerable Satyaki, Drupada, the sons of Draupadi, and
> the others, O King, such as the mighty-armed son of
> Subhadra, all blew their respective
> conchshells.
184
185 PURPORT
186
187 Sanjaya informed King Dhrtarastra very tactfully that his
> unwise policy of deceiving the sons of Pandu and
> endeavoring to enthrone his own sons on the seat of the
> kingdom was not very laudable. The signs already clearly
> indicated that the whole Kuru dynasty would be killed in
> that great battle. Beginning with the grandsire, Bhisma,
> down to the grandsons like Abhimanyu and others-including
> kings from many states of the world-all were present there,
> and all were doomed. The whole catastrophe was due to King
> Dhrtarastra, because he encouraged the policy followed by
> his sons.
188
189 Bg 1.19
190
191 TEXT 19
192
193 TRANSLATION
194
195 The blowing of these different conchshells became
> uproarious. Vibrating both in the sky and
> on the earth, it shattered the hearts of the sons of
> Dhrtarastra.
196
197 PURPORT
198
199 When Bhisma and the others on the side of Duryodhana blew
> their respective conchshells, there was no heart-breaking
> on the part of the Pandavas. Such occurrences are not
> mentioned, but in this particular verse it is mentioned
> that the hearts of the sons of Dhrtarastra were shattered
> by the sounds vibrated by the Pandavas' party. This is due
> to the Pandavas and their confidence in Lord Krsna. One who
> takes shelter of the Supreme Lord has nothing to fear, even
> in the midst of the greatest calamity.
200
201 Bg 1.20
202
203 TEXT 20
204
205 TRANSLATION
206
207 At that time Arjuna, the son of Pandu,
> seated in the chariot bearing the flag marked with Hanuman,
> took up his bow and prepared to shoot his arrows. O King,
> after looking at the sons of Dhrtarastra drawn in
> military array, Arjuna then spoke to Lord Krsna these
> words.
208
209 PURPORT
210
211 The battle was just about to begin. It is understood from
> the above statement that the sons of Dhrtarastra were more
> or less disheartened by the unexpected arrangement of
> military force by the Pandavas, who were guided by the
> direct instructions of Lord Krsna on the battlefield. The
> emblem of Hanuman on the flag of Arjuna is another sign of
> victory because Hanuman cooperated with Lord Rama in the
> battle between Rama and Ravana, and Lord Rama emerged
> victorious. Now both Rama and Hanuman were present on the
> chariot of Arjuna to help him. Lord Krsna is Rama Himself,
> and wherever Lord Rama is, His eternal servitor Hanuman and
> His eternal consort Sita, the goddess of fortune, are
> present. Therefore, Arjuna had no cause to fear any enemies
> whatsoever. And above all, the Lord of the senses, Lord
> Krsna, was personally present to give him direction. Thus,
> all good counsel was available to Arjuna in the matter of
> executing the battle. In such auspicious conditions,
> arranged by the Lord for His eternal devotee, lay the signs
> of assured victory.
212
213 Bg 1.21-22
214
215 TEXTS 21–22
216
217 TRANSLATION
218
219 Arjuna said: O infallible one, please draw my chariot
> between the two armies so that I may see those present
> here, who desire to fight, and with whom I must
> contend in this great trial of arms.
220
221 PURPORT
222
223 Although Lord Krsna is the Supreme Personality of Godhead,
> out of His causeless mercy He was engaged in the service of
> His friend. He never fails in His affection for His
> devotees, and thus He is addressed herein as infallible. As
> charioteer, He had to carry out the orders of Arjuna, and
> since He did not hesitate to do so, He is addressed as
> infallible. Although He had accepted the position of a
> charioteer for His devotee, His supreme position was not
> challenged. In all circumstances, He is the Supreme
> Personality of Godhead, Hrsikesa, the Lord of the total
> senses. The relationship between the Lord and His servitor
> is very sweet and transcendental. The servitor is always
> ready to render service to the Lord, and, similarly, the
> Lord is always seeking an opportunity to render some
> service to the devotee. He takes greater pleasure in His
> pure devotee's assuming the advantageous position of
> ordering Him than He does in being the giver of orders.
> Since He is master, everyone is under His orders, and no
> one is above Him to order Him. But when He finds that a
> pure devotee is ordering Him, He obtains transcendental
> pleasure, although He is the infallible master of all
> circumstances.
224
225 As a pure devotee of the Lord, Arjuna had no desire to
> fight with his cousins and brothers, but he was forced to
> come onto the battlefield by the obstinacy of Duryodhana,
> who was never agreeable to any peaceful negotiation.
> Therefore, he was very anxious to see who the leading
> persons present on the battlefield were. Although there was
> no question of a peacemaking endeavor on the battlefield,
> he wanted to see them again, and to see how much they were
> bent upon demanding an unwanted war.
226
227 Bg 1.23
228
229 TEXT 23
230
231 TRANSLATION
232
233 Let me see those who have come here to fight, wishing to
> please the evil-minded son of Dhrtarastra.
234
235 PURPORT
236
237 It was an open secret that Duryodhana wanted to usurp the
> kingdom of the Pandavas by evil plans, in collaboration
> with his father, Dhrtarastra. Therefore, all persons who
> had joined the side of Duryodhana must have been birds of
> the same feather. Arjuna wanted to see them on the
> battlefield before the fight was begun, just to learn who
> they were, but he had no intention of proposing peace
> negotiations with them. It was also a fact that he wanted
> to see them to make an estimate of the strength which he
> had to face, although he was quite confident of victory
> because Krsna was sitting by his side.
238
239 Bg 1.24
240
241 TEXT 24
242
243 TRANSLATION
244
245 Sanjaya said: O descendant of Bharata, having thus been
> addressed by Arjuna, Lord Krsna drew up the fine chariot in
> the midst of the armies of both parties.
246
247 PURPORT
248
249 In this verse Arjuna is referred to as Gudakesa. Gudaka
> means sleep, and one who conquers sleep is called gudakesa.
> Sleep also means ignorance. So Arjuna conquered both sleep
> and ignorance because of his friendship with Krsna. As a
> great devotee of Krsna, he could not forget Krsna even for
> a moment, because that is the nature of a devotee. Either
> in waking or in sleep, a devotee of the Lord can never be
> free from thinking of Krsna's name, form, qualities and
> pastimes. Thus a devotee of Krsna can conquer both sleep
> and ignorance simply by thinking of Krsna constantly. This
> is called Krsna consciousness, or samadhi. As Hrsikesa, or
> the director of the senses and mind of every living entity,
> Krsna could understand Arjuna's purpose in placing the
> chariot in the midst of the armies. Thus He did so, and
> spoke as follows.
250
251 Bg 1.25
252
253 TEXT 25
254
255 TRANSLATION
256
257 In the presence of Bhisma, Drona and all the other
> chieftains of the world, the Lord said, Just
> behold, Partha, all the Kurus assembled here.
258
259 PURPORT
260
261 As the Supersoul of all living entities, Lord Krsna could
> understand what was going on in the mind of Arjuna. The use
> of the word Hrsikesa in this connection indicates that He
> knew everything. And the word Partha, or the son of Kunti,
> or Prtha, is also similarly significant in reference to
> Arjuna. As a friend, He wanted to inform Arjuna that
> because Arjuna was the son of Prtha, the sister of His own
> father Vasudeva, He had agreed to be the charioteer of
> Arjuna. Now what did Krsna mean when He told Arjuna to "
> behold the Kurus"? Did Arjuna want to stop there and not
> fight? Krsna never expected such things from the son of His
> aunt Prtha. The mind of Arjuna was thus predicted by the
> Lord in friendly joking.
262
263 Bg 1.26
264
265 TEXT 26
266
267 TRANSLATION
268
269 There Arjuna could see, within the midst of the armies of
> both parties, his fathers, grandfathers, teachers, maternal
> uncles, brothers, sons, grandsons, friends, and also his
> fathers-in-law and well-wishers.
270
271 PURPORT
272
273 On the battlefield Arjuna could see all kinds of relatives.
> He could see persons like Bhurisrava, who were his father's
> contemporaries, grandfathers Bhisma and Somadatta, teachers
> like Dronacarya and Krpacarya, maternal uncles like Salya
> and Sakuni, brothers like Duryodhana, sons like Laksmana,
> friends like Asvatthama, well-wishers like Krtavarma, etc.
> He could see also the armies which contained many of his
> friends.
274
275 Bg 1.27
276
277 TEXT 27
278
279 TRANSLATION
280
281 When the son of Kunti, Arjuna, saw all these different
> grades of friends and relatives, he became overwhelmed with
> compassion and spoke thus.
282
283 Bg 1.28
284
285 TEXT 28
286
287 TRANSLATION
288
289 Arjuna said: My dear Krsna, seeing my friends and relatives
> present before me in such a fighting spirit, I feel the
> limbs of my body quivering and my mouth drying up.
290
291 PURPORT
292
293 Any man who has genuine devotion to the Lord has all the
> good qualities which are found in godly persons or in the
> demigods, whereas the nondevotee, however advanced he may
> be in material qualifications by education and culture,
> lacks in godly qualities. As such, Arjuna, just after
> seeing his kinsmen, friends and relatives on the
> battlefield, was at once overwhelmed by compassion for them
> who had so decided to fight amongst themselves. As far as
> his soldiers were concerned, he was sympathetic from the
> beginning, but he felt compassion even for the soldiers of
> the opposite party, foreseeing their imminent death. And
> while he was so thinking, the limbs of his body began to
> quiver, and his mouth became dry. He was more or less
> astonished to see their fighting spirit. Practically the
> whole community, all blood relatives of Arjuna, had come to
> fight with him. This overwhelmed a kind devotee like Arjuna.
> Although it is not mentioned here, still one can easily
> imagine that not only were Arjuna's bodily limbs quivering
> and his mouth drying up, but he was also crying out of
> compassion. Such symptoms in Arjuna were not due to
> weakness but to his softheartedness, a characteristic of a
> pure devotee of the Lord. It is said therefore:
294
295 yasyasti bhaktir bhagavaty akincana sarvair gunais tatra
> samasate surah harav abhaktasya kuto mahad-guna mano-
> rathenasati dhavato bahih
296
297 "One who has unflinching devotion for the Personality of
> Godhead has all the good qualities of the demigods. But one
> who is not a devotee of the Lord has only material
> qualifications that are of little value. This is because he
> is hovering on the mental plane and is certain to be
> attracted by the glaring material energy." (Bhag. 5.18.12)
298
299 Bg 1.29
300
301 TEXT 29
302
303 TRANSLATION
304
305 My whole body is trembling, my hair is standing on end,
> my bow Gandiva is slipping from my hand, and my skin is
> burning.
306
307 PURPORT
308
309 There are two kinds of trembling of the body, and two kinds
> of standings of the hair on end. Such phenomena occur
> either in great spiritual ecstasy or out of great fear
> under material conditions. There is no fear in
> transcendental realization. Arjuna's symptoms in this
> situation are out of material fear-namely, loss of life.
> This is evident from other symptoms also; he became so
> impatient that his famous bow Gandiva was slipping from his
> hands, and, because his heart was burning within him, he
> was feeling a burning sensation of the skin. All these are
> due to a material conception of life.
310
311 Bg 1.30
312
313 TEXT 30
314
315 TRANSLATION
316
317 I am now unable to stand here any longer. I am forgetting
> myself, and my mind is reeling. I see only causes of
> misfortune, O Krsna, killer of the Kesi demon.
318
319 PURPORT
320
321 Due to his impatience, Arjuna was unable to stay on the
> battlefield, and he was forgetting himself on account of
> this weakness of his mind. Excessive attachment for
> material things puts a man in such a bewildering condition
> of existence. Bhayam dvitiyabhinivesatah syat (Bhag. 11.2.
> 37): such fearfulness and loss of mental equilibrium take
> place in persons who are too affected by material
> conditions. Arjuna envisioned only painful reverses in
> the battlefield-he would not be happy even by gaining
> victory over the foe. The words nimittani viparitani are
> significant. When a man sees only frustration in his
> expectations, he thinks, "Why am I here?" Everyone is
> interested in himself and his own welfare. No one is
> interested in the Supreme Self. Arjuna is showing
> ignorance of his real self-interest by
> Krsna's will. One's real self-
> interest lies in Visnu, or Krsna. The conditioned soul
> forgets this, and therefore suffers material pains. Arjuna
> thought that his victory in the battle would only be a
> cause of lamentation for him.
322
323 Bg 1.31
324
325 TEXT 31
326
327 TRANSLATION
328
329 I do not see how any good can come from killing my own
> kinsmen in this battle, nor can I, my dear Krsna, desire
> any subsequent victory, kingdom, or happiness.
330
331 PURPORT
332
333 Without knowing that one's self-interest is in Visnu (or
> Krsna), conditioned souls are attracted by bodily
> relationships, hoping to be happy in such situations. In
> such a blind conception of life, they forget
> even the causes of material happiness. Arjuna appears to
> have even forgotten the moral codes for a ksatriya. It is
> said that two kinds of men, namely the ksatriya who dies
> directly in front of the battlefield under Krsna's personal
> orders and the person in the renounced order of life who is
> absolutely devoted to spiritual culture, are eligible to
> enter into the sun globe, which is so powerful and dazzling.
> Arjuna is reluctant even to kill his enemies, let alone
> his relatives. He thinks that by killing his kinsmen there
> would be no happiness in his life, and therefore he is not
> willing to fight, just as a person who does not feel hunger
> is not inclined to cook. He has now decided to go into the
> forest and live a secluded life in frustration. But as a
> ksatriya, he requires a kingdom for his subsistence,
> because the ksatriyas cannot engage themselves in any other
> occupation. But Arjuna has no kingdom. Arjuna's sole
> opportunity for gaining a kingdom lies in fighting with his
> cousins and brothers and reclaiming the kingdom inherited
> from his father, which he does not like to do. Therefore he
> considers himself fit to go to the forest to live a
> secluded life of frustration.
334
335 Bg 1.32-35
336
337 TEXTS 32–35
338
339 TRANSLATION
340
341 O Govinda, of what avail to us are a kingdom,
> happiness or even life itself when all those for whom we
> may desire them are now arrayed on this battlefield? O
> Madhusudana, when teachers, fathers, sons, grandfathers,
> maternal uncles, fathers-in-law, grandsons, brothers-in-law
> and other relatives are ready to give up their lives and
> properties and are standing before me, why should I
> wish to kill them, even though they might otherwise kill me?
> O maintainer of all living entities, I am not prepared
> to fight with them even in exchange for the three worlds,
> let alone this earth. What pleasure will we derive from
> killing the sons of Dhrtarastra?
342
343 PURPORT
344
345 Arjuna has addressed Lord Krsna as Govinda because Krsna is
> the object of all pleasures for cows and the senses. By
> using this significant word, Arjuna indicates that Krsna
> should understand what will satisfy Arjuna's senses.
> But Govinda is not meant for satisfying our senses. If
> we try to satisfy the senses of Govinda, however, then
> automatically our own senses are satisfied. Materially,
> everyone wants to satisfy his senses, and he wants God to
> be the order supplier for such satisfaction. The Lord will
> satisfy the senses of the living entities as much as they
> deserve, but not to the extent that they may covet. But
> when one takes the opposite way-namely, when one tries to
> satisfy the senses of Govinda without desiring to satisfy
> one's own senses-then by the grace of Govinda all desires
> of the living entity are satisfied. Arjuna's deep affection
> for community and family members is exhibited here partly
> due to his natural compassion for them. He is therefore not
> prepared to fight. Everyone wants to show his opulence to
> friends and relatives, but Arjuna fears that all his
> relatives and friends will be killed on the battlefield
> and he will be unable to share his opulence after victory.
> This is a typical calculation of material life. The
> transcendental life, however, is different. Since a
> devotee wants to satisfy the desires of the Lord, he can,
> Lord willing, accept all kinds of opulence for the service
> of the Lord, and if the Lord is not willing, he should not
> accept a farthing. Arjuna did not want to kill his
> relatives, and if there were any need to kill them, he
> desired that Krsna kill them personally. At this point he
> did not know that Krsna had already killed them before
> their coming into the battlefield and that he was only to
> become an instrument for Krsna. This fact is disclosed in
> following chapters. As a natural devotee of the Lord,
> Arjuna did not like to retaliate against his miscreant
> cousins and brothers, but it was the Lord's plan that they
> should all be killed. The devotee of the Lord does not
> retaliate against the wrongdoer, but the Lord does not
> tolerate any mischief done to the devotee by the miscreants.
> The Lord can excuse a person on His own account, but He
> excuses no one who has done harm to His devotees. Therefore
> the Lord was determined to kill the miscreants, although
> Arjuna wanted to excuse them.
346
347 Bg 1.36
348
349 TEXT 36
350
351 TRANSLATION
352
353 Sin will overcome us if we slay such aggressors. Therefore
> it is not proper for us to kill the sons of Dhrtarastra and
> our friends. What should we gain, O Krsna, husband of the
> goddess of fortune, and how could we be happy by killing
> our own kinsmen?
354
355 PURPORT
356
357 According to Vedic injunctions there are six kinds of
> aggressors: (1) a poison giver, (2) one who sets fire to
> the house, (3) one who attacks with deadly weapons, (4) one
> who plunders riches, (5) one who occupies another's land,
> and (6) one who kidnaps a wife. Such aggressors are at once
> to be killed, and no sin is incurred by killing such
> aggressors. Such killing of aggressors is quite befitting
> any ordinary man, but Arjuna was not an ordinary person.
> He was saintly by character, and therefore he wanted to
> deal with them in saintliness. This kind of saintliness,
> however, is not for a ksatriya. Although a responsible man
> in the administration of a state is required to be saintly,
> he should not be cowardly. For example, Lord Rama was so
> saintly that people even now are anxious to live in the
> kingdom of Lord Rama (rama-rajya), but Lord Rama never
> showed any cowardice. Ravana was an aggressor against Rama
> because Ravana kidnapped Rama's wife, Sita, but Lord Rama
> gave him sufficient lessons, unparalleled in the history of
> the world. In Arjuna's case, however, one should consider
> the special type of aggressors, namely his own grandfather,
> own teacher, friends, sons, grandsons, etc. Because of them,
> Arjuna thought that he should not take the severe steps
> necessary against ordinary aggressors. Besides that,
> saintly persons are advised to forgive. Such injunctions
> for saintly persons are more important than any political
> emergency. Arjuna considered that rather than kill his own
> kinsmen for political reasons, it would be better to
> forgive them on grounds of religion and saintly behavior.
> He did not, therefore, consider such killing profitable
> simply for the matter of temporary bodily happiness. After
> all, kingdoms and pleasures derived therefrom are not
> permanent, so why should he risk his life and eternal
> salvation by killing his own kinsmen? Arjuna's addressing
> of Krsna as "Madhava," or the husband of the goddess of
> fortune, is also significant in this connection. He wanted
> to point out to Krsna that, as husband of the goddess of
> fortune, He should not induce Arjuna to take up a
> matter which would ultimately bring about misfortune. Krsna,
> however, never brings misfortune to anyone, to say nothing
> of His devotees.
358
359 Bg 1.37-38
360
361 TEXTS 37–38
362
363 TRANSLATION
364
365 O Janardana, although these men, their hearts overtaken by
> greed, see no fault in killing one's family or quarreling
> with friends, why should we, who can see the crime
> in destroying a family, engage in these acts of sin?
366
367 PURPORT
368
369 A ksatriya is not supposed to refuse to battle or gamble
> when he is so invited by some rival party. Under such an
> obligation, Arjuna could not refuse to fight, because he
> had been challenged by the party of Duryodhana. In this
> connection, Arjuna considered that the other party might be
> blind to the effects of such a challenge. Arjuna, however,
> could see the evil consequences and could not accept the
> challenge. Obligation is actually binding when the effect
> is good, but when the effect is otherwise, then no one can
> be bound. Considering all these pros and cons, Arjuna
> decided not to fight.
370
371 Bg 1.39
372
373 TEXT 39
374
375 TRANSLATION
376
377 With the destruction of dynasty, the eternal family
> tradition is vanquished, and thus the rest of the family
> becomes involved in irreligion.
378
379 PURPORT
380
381 In the system of the varnasrama institution there are many
> principles of religious traditions to help members of the
> family grow properly and attain spiritual values. The elder
> members are responsible for such purifying processes in the
> family, beginning from birth to death. But on the death of
> the elder members, such family traditions of purification
> may stop, and the remaining younger family members may
> develop irreligious habits and thereby lose their chance
> for spiritual salvation. Therefore, for no purpose should
> the elder members of the family be slain.
382
383 Bg 1.40
384
385 TEXT 40
386
387 TRANSLATION
388
389 When irreligion is prominent in the family, O Krsna, the
> women of the family become polluted, and from the
> degradation of womanhood, O descendant of Vrsni, comes
> unwanted progeny.
390
391 PURPORT
392
393 Good population in human society is the basic principle for
> peace, prosperity and spiritual progress in life. The
> varnasrama religion's principles were so designed that the
> good population would prevail in society for the general
> spiritual progress of state and community. Such population
> depends on the chastity and faithfulness of its womanhood.
> As children are very prone to be misled, women are
> similarly very prone to degradation. Therefore, both
> children and women require protection by the elder members
> of the family. By being engaged in various religious
> practices, women will not be misled into adultery.
> According to Canakya Pandita, women are generally not very
> intelligent and therefore not trustworthy. So the
> different family traditions of religious activities should
> always engage them, and thus their chastity and devotion
> will give birth to a good population eligible for
> participating in the varnasrama system. On the failure of
> such varnasrama-dharma, naturally the women become free to
> act and mix with men, and thus adultery is indulged in at
> the risk of unwanted population. Irresponsible men also
> provoke adultery in society, and thus unwanted children
> flood the human race at the risk of war and pestilence.
394
395 Bg 1.41
396
397 TEXT 41
398
399 TRANSLATION
400
401 An increase of unwanted population certainly
> causes hellish life both for the family and
> for those who destroy the family tradition. The ancestors
> of such corrupt families fall down, because the
> performances for offering them food and water are entirely
> stopped.
402
403 PURPORT
404
405 According to the rules and regulations of fruitive
> activities, there is a need to offer periodical food and
> water to the forefathers of the family. This offering is
> performed by worship of Visnu, because eating the remnants
> of food offered to Visnu can deliver one from all kinds of
> sinful actions. Sometimes the forefathers may be suffering
> from various types of sinful reactions, and sometimes some
> of them cannot even acquire a gross material body and are
> forced to remain in subtle bodies as ghosts. Thus, when
> remnants of prasadam food are offered to forefathers by
> descendants, the forefathers are released from ghostly or
> other kinds of miserable life. Such help rendered to
> forefathers is a family tradition, and those who are not in
> devotional life are required to perform such rituals. One
> who is engaged in the devotional life is not required to
> perform such actions. Simply by performing devotional
> service, one can deliver hundreds and thousands of
> forefathers from all kinds of misery. It is stated in the
> Bhagavatam (11.5.41):
406
407 devarsi-bhutapta-nrnam pitrnam na kinkaro nayam rni ca
> rajan sarvatmana yah saranam saranyam gato mukundam
> parihrtya kartam
408
409 "Anyone who has taken shelter of the lotus feet of Mukunda,
> the giver of liberation, giving up all kinds of obligation,
> and has taken to the path in all seriousness, owes neither
> duties nor obligations to the demigods, sages, general
> living entities, family members, humankind or forefathers."
> Such obligations are automatically
> fulfilled by performance of devotional service to the
> Supreme Personality of Godhead.
410
411 Bg 1.42
412
413 TEXT 42
414
415 TRANSLATION
416
417 By the evil deeds of those who destroy the
> family tradition and thus give rise to unwanted children,
> all kinds of community projects and family welfare
> activities are devastated.
418
419 PURPORT
420
421 Community projects for the four orders of human society,
> combined with family welfare activities, as they are set
> forth by the institution of sanatana-dharma, or
> varnasrama-dharma, are designed to enable the human being
> to attain his ultimate salvation. Therefore, the breaking
> of the sanatana-dharma tradition by irresponsible leaders
> of society brings about chaos in that society, and
> consequently people forget the aim of life-Visnu. Such
> leaders are called blind, and persons who follow such
> leaders are sure to be led into chaos.
422
423 Bg 1.43
424
425 TEXT 43
426
427 TRANSLATION
428
429 O Krsna, maintainer of the people, I have heard by
> disciplic succession that those who destroy family
> traditions dwell always in hell.
430
431 PURPORT
432
433 Arjuna bases his argument not on his own personal
> experience, but on what he has heard from the authorities.
> That is the way of receiving real knowledge. One cannot
> reach the real point of factual knowledge without being
> helped by the right person who is already established in
> that knowledge. There is a system in the varnasrama
> institution by which before death one has to undergo the
> process of atonement for his sinful activities.
> One who is always engaged in sinful activities must
> utilize the process of atonement called the prayascitta.
> Without doing so, one surely will be transferred to hellish
> planets to undergo miserable lives as the result of sinful
> activities.
434
435 Bg 1.44
436
437 TEXT 44
438
439 TRANSLATION
440
441 Alas, how strange it is that we are preparing to commit
> greatly sinful acts. Driven by the desire to enjoy royal
> happiness, we are intent on killing our own kinsmen.
442
443 PURPORT
444
445 Driven by selfish motives, one may be inclined to such
> sinful acts as the killing of one's own brother, father or
> mother. There are many such instances in the history of the
> world. But Arjuna, being a saintly devotee of the Lord, is
> always conscious of moral principles and therefore takes
> care to avoid such activities.
446
447 Bg 1.45
448
449 TEXT 45
450
451 TRANSLATION
452
453 Better for me if the sons of Dhrtarastra,
> weapons in hand, were to kill me unarmed and unresisting
> on the battlefield.
454
455 PURPORT
456
457 It is the custom-according to ksatriya fighting principles-
> that an unarmed and unwilling foe should not be attacked.
> Arjuna, however, decided that even if attacked by the enemy
> in such an awkward position, he would not fight
> . He did not consider how
> much the other party was bent upon fighting. All these
> symptoms are due to soft-heartedness resulting
> from his being a great devotee of the Lord.
458
459 Bg 1.46
460
461 TEXT 46
462
463 TRANSLATION
464
465 Sanjaya said: Arjuna, having thus spoken on the battlefield,
> cast aside his bow and arrows and sat down on the chariot,
> his mind overwhelmed with grief.
466
467 PURPORT
468
469 While observing the situation of his enemy, Arjuna stood up
> on the chariot, but he was so afflicted with lamentation
> that he sat down again, setting aside his bow and arrows.
> Such a kind and soft-hearted person, in the
> devotional service of the Lord, is fit to receive self-
> knowledge.
470
471 Thus end the Bhaktivedanta Purports to the First Chapter of
> the Srimad Bhagavad-gita in the matter of Observing the
> Armies on the Battlefield of Kuruksetra.
472